Formal+Posting+1+British+India

** __ The British in India __ **  __Background Information on British India__  ** __ The East Indian Company __ **  The British first came to India in the 17th century as traders with the East India Company which deliberately sought to exploit India’s vast wealth of rubies, emeralds, sapphires, cotton, indigo and jute. The [|British East India Company] had been given permission by the Mughal emperor Jahangir in 1617 to trade in India. Gradually their increasing influence led the //[|de-jure] // Mughal emperor [|Farrukh Siyar] to grant them //dastaks // or permits for duty free trade in [|Bengal] in 1717. However, the presence of the British East Indian Company did not go without resistance and conflict. The [|Nawab of Bengal] [|Siraj Ud Daulah], the //[|de facto] // ruler of the Bengal province, opposed British attempts to use these permits. This led to the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|Battle of Plassey] in 1757, in which the 'army' of East India Company, led by <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|Robert Clive], defeated the Nawab's forces. This was the first political foothold with territorial implications that the British acquired in India. Clive was appointed by the Company as its first 'Governor of Bengal' in 1757.This was combined with British victories over the French and eventually extinguished the Moghul rule and dynasty itself in a century. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 140%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">The East India Company monopolized the trade of Bengal. They introduced a land taxation system called the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|Permanent Settlement] which introduced a <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|feudal] -like structure in Bengal. By the 1850s, the East India Company controlled most of the Indian sub-continent, which included present-day Pakistan and Bangladesh. Their policy was sometimes summed up as ‘<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|Divide and Rule] ’, taking advantage of the enmity festering between various princely states and social and religious groups. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"> ** __ The British Raj __ ** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 140%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">The British Raj is the name given to the period of British colonial rule in <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|South Asia] between 1858 and 1947. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 140%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">The British Raj extended over all regions of present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. In addition, at various times, it included <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|Aden Colony] (from 1858 to 1937), <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|Lower Burma] (from 1858 to 1937), <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|Upper Burma] (from 1886 to 1937), <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|British Somaliland] (briefly from 1884 to 1898), and <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|Singapore] (briefly from 1858 to 1867). Burma was directly administered by the British Crown from 1937 until its independence in 1948. The <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|Trucial States] of the Persian Gulf were theoretically princely states of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #810081; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|British India] until 1946 and used the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|rupee] as their unit of currency. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 140%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">The British Indian Empire (contemporaneously //<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">India //) consisted of two divisions: //<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">British India // and the //<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Native ////<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"> States // or //<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|Princely States] //. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 140%; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">British rule in India through the ‘British Raj’ changed India fundamentally. The British imposed ‘western’ (European) beliefs and practices in order to rule over India. This has led to significant changes in culture, religion, education, language, the economy, politics and the notion of class. However, it must be noted that these changes did not go without challenge and conflict with various Indian groups up until Independence in 1947. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">__<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; vertical-align: auto;">** Source 1: British Map of India (1765, 1857 and 1909) ** __ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Below are a series of three maps detailing the geographic expansion of ‘British Rule’ over India from 1765, 1857 and 1909. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">As you analyse and compare the maps you may like to consider the following points: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">- distribution of ethnic and cultural groups <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">- the purpose and perspective of the maps <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Map, "The Indian Empire and surrounding countries" (1909), Imperial Gazetteer of India

<span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">__ ** Source 2: **Portrait of a mounted Sowar of the 6th Madras Light Cavalry, circa 1845 (Artist Unknown) __ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">The term "sepoy" or "sipāhi" is derived from the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|Persian] word "sipāh" meaning "army".In its most common application Sepoy was the term used in the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|British Indian Army], and earlier in that of the British <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|East India Company] , for an <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|infantry] [|private] <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">The term //<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">sepoy // came into use in the forces of the British East India Company in the eighteenth century, where it was one of many, such as //<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">peons //, //<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">gentoos //, //<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">mestees // and //<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">topassess // used for various categories of native soldiers. Initially it referred to Hindu or Muslim soldiers without regular uniform or discipline. It later generically referred to all native soldiers in the service of the European powers in India. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Initially the British recruited sepoys from the local communities in the Madras and Bombay Presidencies, the emphasis being on recruits having adequate physique and being of sufficient caste. In the Bengal Army however, recuitment was only amongst high caste Brahman and Rajput communities of erstwhile <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|Uttar Pradesh] and <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|Bihar]. Recruitment was done locally by battalions or regiments often from the same community, village and even family. The commanding officer of a battalion became a form of substitute for the village chief or "gaon bura". He was the "mai-baap" or the "father and mother" of the sepoys making up the "paltan" (unit). There were many family and community ties amongst the troops and numerous instances where family members enlisted in the same battalion or regiment. The "izzat" or honour of the unit was represented by the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|regimental colours] ; the new sepoy having to swear an oath in front of them on enlistment. These colours were stored in honour in the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|quarter guard] and frequently paraded before the men. They formed a rallying point in battle. The oath of fealty by the sepoy was given to the East India Company and included a pledge of faithfulness.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">//**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Portrait of a mounted <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">Sowar of the 6th <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">Madras Light Cavalry, circa 1845 (Artist Unknown) **// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"> **<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">Source 3 ****<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Times New Roman; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">: The First War of Independence (known to the British as the Indian Mutiny) in 1857. ** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">The Indian Rebellion of 1857 began as a <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|mutiny] of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #810081; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|sepoys] of the British <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|East India Company] 's army on 10 May 1857, in the town of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #810081; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|Meerut], and soon erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions largely in the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|upper Gangetic plain] and <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|central India] , with the major hostilities confined to present-day <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|Uttar Pradesh] , <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|Bihar] , northern <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|Madhya Pradesh] , and the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|Delhi] region.<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">[3] The rebellion posed a considerable threat to Company power in that region,and it was contained only with the fall of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|Gwalior] on 20 June 1858.The rebellion is also known as <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|India's First War of Independence] , the Great Rebellion, the Indian Mutiny, the Revolt of 1857, the Uprising of 1857, the Sepoy Rebellion, and the Sepoy Mutiny. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">The rebellion led to the dissolution of the East India Company in 1858, and forced the British to reorganize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India.India was thereafter directly governed by <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|the Crown] in the new <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #810081; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;">[|British Raj].

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">**//<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">British executions of Indian mutineers- 'blown from the canon' c. 1858 //**

<span style="background-color: white; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 32px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 19px; text-align: left; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: auto;"> __**Source 4: The White Man's Burden, 1899, by //<span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 19px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Rudyard Kipling //**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Take up the White man's burden -- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Send forth the best ye breed -- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Go bind your sons to exile <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">To serve your captives' need; <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">To wait in heavy harness <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">On fluttered folk and wild -- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Your new-caught, sullen peoples, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Half devil and half child. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Take up the White Man's burden -- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">In patience to abide, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">To veil the threat of terror <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">And check the show of pride; <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">By open speech and simple, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">An hundred times mad plain. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">To seek another's profit, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">And work another's gain. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Take up the White Man's burden -- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">The savage wars of peace -- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Fill full the mouth of Famine <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">And bid the sickness cease; <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">And when your goal is nearest <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">The end for others sought, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Watch Sloth and heathen Folly <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Bring all your hope to nought. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Take up the White Man's burden -- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">No tawdry rule of kings, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">But toil of serf and sweeper -- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">The tale of common things. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">The ports ye shall not enter, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">The roads ye shall not tread, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Go make them with your living, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">And mark them with your dead! <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Take up the White man's burden -- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">And reap his old reward: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">The blame of those ye better, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">The hate of those ye guard -- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">The cry of hosts ye humour <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">(Ah, slowly!) toward the light: -- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">"Why brought ye us from bondage, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">"Our loved Egyptian night?" <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Take up the White Man's burden -- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Ye dare not stoop to less -- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Nor call too loud on freedom <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">To cloak your weariness; <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">By all ye cry or whisper, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">By all ye leave or do, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">The silent, sullen peoples <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Shall weigh your Gods and you. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Take up the White Man's burden -- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Have done with childish days -- <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">The lightly proffered laurel, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">The easy, ungrudged praise. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Comes now, to search your manhood <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Through all the thankless years, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">Cold-edged with dear-bought wisdom, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: auto;">The judgment of your peers!

__ Source 5: The //Jungle Book// by Rudyard Kipling, (1894) __ Analyse the story and characers of the book and consider if there is any underlying political or social meaning/message?

Read the original book online at: []

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 * Comments on the underlying messages: **